Chadwick, B.A., H.M. Bahr, and S.L. Albrecht. 1984. Social Science Research Methods. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Dillman, Don A. 1978. Mail and Telephone Surveys: The Total Design Method. New York: John Wiley.

Ess, Charles, ed. 2001. Culture, Technology, Communication: Towards an Intercultural Global Village. New York: SUNY Press.

Greenstein, Daniel and Denise Troll. 2000. Usage, Usability and User Support. Report of a discussion group convened at the DLF Forum on 2 April 2000. Version 1.1. Available at: http://www.diglib.org/use/useframe.htm

Kurzweil, Raymond. 2000. "Promise and Peril: Deeply Intertwined Roles of 21st Century Technology," presentation at the conference "earthware: a good world in 2050 . . . will computers help or hinder?" Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., October 19, 2000.

Marczak, Mary, and Meg Sewell. [No date.] Using Focus Groups for Evaluation. CYFERNet Evaluation. Available at: http://Ag.Arizona.Edu/fcr/fs/cyfar/focus.htm.

Nielsen, Jakob. 2000. Why You Only Need to Test With 5 Users. Alertbox. (March 19). Available at: http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20000319.html.

Nielsen, Jakob. 1994. Heuristic Evaluation. In Usability Inspection Methods, edited by Jakob Nielsen and Robert L. Mack. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Nielsen, Jakob. [No date.] Ten Usability Heuristics. Available at: http://www.useit.com/papers/heuristic/heuristic_list.html.

Selected Bibliography

Social Science Research Methods

Bernard, H. Russell. 2000. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Bundy, Mary Lee. 1959. Research Methods in the Social Sciences: A Selected Bibliography Prepared for Students of Library Science. Urbana, Ill.

Caverly, Grant, and Leslie R. Cohen. 1997. Social Science Research Methods: The Basics. Greenfield Park, Quebec: C & C Educational Publications.

Chadwick, B.A., H.M. Bahr, and S.L. Albrecht. 1984. Social Science Research Methods. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Kenny, Richard F., and David R. Krathwohl. 1993. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Methods of Educational and Social Science Research: An Integrated Approach. White Plains, N.Y.: Longman.

King, G., R.O. Keohane, and S. Verba, S. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Magnani, Robert. Sampling Guide. Social Science Information Gateway. Available at: http://www.fantaproject.org/downloads/pdfs/sampling.pdf.

Morgan, G., ed. 1983 Beyond Method: Strategies for Social Research. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Social Science Information Gateway SOSIG. Qualitative Methods. Available at: http://sosig.esrc.bris.ac.uk/roads/subject-listing /World-cat/qualmeth.html.

Social Science Information Gateway SOSIG. Quantitative Methods. Available at: http://sosig.esrc.bris.ac.uk/roads/subject-listing/World-cat/quanmeth.html.

Summerhill, W.R., and C.L. Taylor. 1992. Selecting a Data Collection Technique. Circular PE-21, Program Evaluation and Organizational Development, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida. Available at: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PD016.

Focus Groups

American Library Association. 1996. Beyond Bean Counting, Focus Groups and Other Client-Centered Methodologies. Audio cassette. Chicago, Ill.: ALA. Distributed by Teach'em.

Chase, Lynne C., and Jaquelina E. Alvarez. 2000. Internet Research: The Role of the Focus Group. Library and Information Science Research 22(4):357-369.

Connaway, Lynn Silipigni. 1996. Focus Group Interviews: A Data Collection Methodology for Decision Making. Library Administration and Management 10:231-239.

Connaway, Lynn Silipigni, Debra Wilcox Johnson, and Susan E. Searing. 1997. Online Catalogs From the Users' Perspective: The Use of Focus Group Interviews. College and Research Libraries 58(5):403-420.

Edmund, Holly, and the American Marketing Association. 1999. The Focus Group Research Handbook. Lincolnwood, Ill.: NTC Business Books.

Glitz, Beryl. 1998. Focus Groups for Libraries and Librarians. New York: Forbes.

Glitz, Beryl. 1997. The Focus Group Technique in Library Research: An Introduction. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 85(4):385-390.

Greenbaum, Thomas L. 1998. The Handbook for Focus Group Research, second ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Krueger, Richard A. 1998. Developing Questions for Focus Groups. Focus Group Kit Series. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Krueger, Richard A. 1998. Moderating Focus Groups. Focus Group Kit Series. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Krueger, Richard A. 1998. Analyzing and Reporting Focus Group Results. Focus Group Kit Series. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Krueger, Richard A. 1994. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research, second ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Krueger, Richard A., and Jean A. King. 1998. Involving Community Members in Focus Groups. Focus Group Kit Series. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Marczak, Mary, and Meg Sewel. No date. Using Focus Groups for Evaluation. CYFERNet Evaluation. Available at: http://Ag.Arizona.Edu/fcr/fs/cyfar/focus.htm.

Morgan, David L. 1998. The Focus Group Guidebook. Focus Group Kit Series. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Morgan, David L. 1998. Planning Focus Groups. Focus Group Kit Series. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Morgan, David L., ed. 1993. Successful Focus Groups: Advancing the State of the Art. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Morgan, David L. 1988. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Morrison, Heather G. 1997. Information Literacy Skills: An Exploratory Focus Group Study of Student Perceptions. Research Strategies 15:4-17.

Nasser, David L. 1988. Workshop: How to Run a Focus Group. Public Relations Journal 44(3):33-34.

Steward, D.W., and P.N. Shamdasani. 1990. Focus Groups: Theory and Practice. Applied Social Research Methods Series. Vol. 20. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Templeton, Jane Farley. 1994. The Focus Group: A Strategic Guide to Organizing, Conducting, and Analyzing the Focus Group Interview. Revised edition. Chicago, Ill.: Probus Publishing Co.

Survey Questionnaires

Acquisitions Policy: Who Buys What and Why? 2000. Library Association Record 102(8):432.

Allen, Frank R. 1996. Materials Budgets in the Electronic Age: A Survey of Academic Libraries. College and Research Libraries 57(2):133.

Allen, Mary Beth. 1993. International Students in Academic Libraries: A User Survey. College and Research Libraries 54(4):323-324.

ASA Series: What Is a Survey? Social Science Information Gateway. Available at: http://www.amstat.org/sections/srms/brochures/survwhat.html.

Ashcroft, Linda, and Colin Langdon. 1999. The Case for Electronic Journals. Library Association Record 101(12):706-707.

Atlas, Michel C., and Melissa A. Laning. 1999. Professional Journal Reading: A Survey of Kentucky Academic Librarians. Kentucky Libraries 63(1):16-21.

Bancroft, Audrey F., Vicki F. Croft, and Robert Speth. 1998. A Forward-Looking Library Use Survey: WSU Libraries in the 21st Century. The Journal of Academic Librarianship 24(3):216-224.

Bao, Xue-Ming. 2000. Academic Library Home Pages: Link Location and Database Provision. The Journal of Academic Librarianship 26(3):191-195.

Benaud, Claire-Luise, Sever Michael Bordeianu, and Mary Ellen Hanson. 1999. Cataloging Production Standards in Academic Libraries. Technical Services Quarterly 16(3):43-67.

Brown, Linda A., and John Harper Forsyth. 1999. The Evolving Approval Plan: How Academic Librarians Evaluate Services for Vendor Selection and Performance. Library Collections Acquisitions, and Technology Services 23(3):231-277.

Buttlar, Lois J., and Rajinder Garcia. 1998. Catalogers in Academic Libraries: Their Evolving and Expanding Roles. College & Research Libraries 59(4):311-321.

Button, Leslie Horner. 2000. Impact of Bundled Databases on Serials Acquisitions in Academic Libraries. The Serials Librarian 38(3/4):213-218.

Calvert, Philip J. 1997, Surveying Service Quality Within University Libraries. The Journal of Academic Librarianship 23:408-415.

Coffta, Michael, and David M. Schoen. 2000. Academic Library Web Sites as a Source of Interlibrary Loan Lending Information: A Survey of Four- and Five-year Colleges and Universities. Library Resources & Technical Services 44(4):196-200.

Doyle, Christine. 1995. The Perceptions of Library Service Questionnaire PLSQ: The Development of a Reliable Instrument to Measure Student Perceptions of and Satisfaction with Quality of Service in an Academic Library. New Review of Academic Librarianship 1:139-154.

East, John W. 2001. Academic Libraries and the Provision of Support for Users of Personal Bibliographic Software: A Survey of Australian Experience with Endnote. LASIE 32(1):64-70.

Evans, Geraint, and Jane Del-Pizzo. 1999. "Look, Hear, Upon This Picture": A Survey of Academic Users of the Sound and Moving Image Collection of the National Library of Wales. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 31(3):152-167.

Hart, Richard L. 2000. Co-authorship in the Academic Library Literature: A Survey of Attitudes and Behaviors. The Journal of Academic Librarianship 26(5):339-345.

Hernon, Peter, and Philip J. Calvert. 1996. Methods for Measuring Service Quality in University Libraries in New Zealand. The Journal of Academic Librarianship 22:387-391.

Herring, Susan Davis. 2001. Using the World Wide Web for Research: Are Faculty Satisfied? The Journal of Academic Librarianship 27(3):213-219.

Hoffman, Irene M., Amy Sherman Smith, and Leslie DeBonae. 2000. Factors for Success: Academic Library Development Survey Results. Library Trends 48(3):540-559.

Ikeuchi, Atsushi. 1998. Dimensions of Academic Library Effectiveness. Library and Information Science 39:1-29.

Janes, Joseph, David S. Carter, and Patricia Memmott. 1999. Digital Reference Services in Academic Libraries. Reference & User Services Quarterly 39(2):145-150.

Johnson, Denise J. 1997. Merging? Converging? A Survey of Research and Report on Academic Library Reorganization and the Recent Rash of Marriages Between Academic Libraries and University Computer Centers. Illinois Libraries 79(2):61.

Julien, Heidi E. 2000. Information Literacy Instruction in Canadian Academic Libraries: Longitudinal Trends and International Comparisons. College & Research Libraries 61(6):510-523.

Kwak, Gail Stern. 2000. Government Information on the Internet: Perspectives from Louisiana's Academic Depository Libraries. Louisiana Libraries 63(2):17-22.

Libby, Katherine A. 1997. A Survey on the Outsourcing of Cataloging in Academic Libraries. College and Research Libraries 58(6):550.

Love, Christine, and John Feather. 1998. Special Collections on the World Wide Web: A Survey and Evaluation. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 30(4):215-222.

Maughan, Patricia Davitt. 1999. Library Resources and Services: A Cross-Disciplinary Survey of Faculty and Graduate Student Use and Satisfaction. Journal of Academic Librarianship 25(5):354.

Norman, O. Gene. 1997. The Impact of Electronic Information Sources on Collection Development: A Survey of Current Practice. Library Hi Tech 15(1-2):123-132.

Organ, M., and M. Janatti. 1997. Academic Library Seating: A Survey of Usage, with Implications for Space Utilization. Australian Academic and Research Libraries, AARL 28(3):205.

Pavy, Jeanne A. 2000. Special Collections in Regional Academic Libraries: An Informal Survey. Louisiana Libraries 63(2):14-16.

Perkins, Gay Helen, and Haiwang Yuan. 2000. Genesis of a Web-based Satisfaction Survey in an Academic Library: The Western Kentucky University Libraries' Experience. Library Administration & Management 14(3):159-166.

Porter, Gayle, and Paul Bredderman. 1997. Nonprint Formats: A Survey of the Work and Its Challenges for the Cataloger in ARL Academic Libraries. Cataloging and Classification Quarterly 24(3-4):125.

Rasinski, Kenneth A., David Mingay, and Norman M. Bradburn. 1994. Do Respondents Really "Mark All That Apply" on Self-administered Questions? Public Opinion Quarterly 58(3):400-408.

Ren, Wen-Hua. 2000. Library Instruction and College Student Self-efficacy in Electronic Information Searching. The Journal of Academic Librarianship 26(5):323-328.

Rich, Linda A., and Julie L. Rabine. 1999. How Libraries Are Providing Access to Electronic Serials: A Survey of Academic Library Web Sites. Serials Review 25(2):35-46.

Sanchez, Maria Elena. 1992. Effects of Questionnaire Design on the Quality of Survey Data. Public Opinion Quarterly 56(2):206-217.

Schilling, Katherine, and Charles B. Wessel. 1995. Reference Librarians' Perceptions and Use of Internet Resources: Results of a Survey of Academic Health Science Libraries. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 83(4):509.

Schneider, Tina M. 2001. The Regional Campus Library and Service to the Public. The Journal of Academic Librarianship 27(2):122-127.

Scigliano, Marisa. 2000. Serial Use in a Small Academic Library: Determining Cost-Effectiveness. Serials Review 26(1):43.

Shemberg, Marian, and Cheryl R. Sturko Grossman. 1999. Electronic Journals in Academic Libraries: A Comparison of ARL and Non-ARL Libraries. Library Hi Tech 17(1):26-45.

Shonrock, Diana D., ed. 1996. Evaluating Library Instruction: Sample Questions, Forms, and Strategies for Practical Use. Chicago, Ill.: American Library Association.

Sinn, Robin N. 1999. A Comparison of Library Instruction Content by Biology Faculty and Librarians. Research Strategies 17(1):23-34.

Talbot, Dawn E., Gerald R. Lowell, and Kerry Martin. 1998. From the User's PerspectiveThe UCSD Libraries User Survey Project. Journal of Academic Librarianship 24(5):357.

Travica, B. 1997. Organizational Aspects of the Virtual/Digital Library: A Survey of Academic Libraries. Proceedings of the ASIS Annual Meeting 34:149­161. Medford, N.J.: Information Today.

Travica, Bob. 1999. Organizational Aspects of the Virtual Library: A Survey of Academic Libraries. Library & Information Science Research 21(2):173-203.

White, Marilyn Domas. 2001. Diffusion of an Innovation: Digital Reference Service in Carnegie Foundation Master's Comprehensive Academic Institution Libraries. The Journal of Academic Librarianship 27(3):173-187.

Wu, Huey-meei. 1998. Academic Library User Survey: National Chiao-Tung University Case Study. Journal of Educational Media & Library Sciences 36(2):171-196.

Transaction Log Analysis

Atlas, Michael C., Karen R. Little, and Michael O. Purcell. 1997. Flip Charts at the OPAC: Using Transaction Log Analysis to Judge Their Effectiveness at Six Libraries of the University of Louisville. Reference and User Services Quarterly 37(1):63-69.

Bangalore, Nirmala S. 1997. Re-Engineering the OPAC Using Transaction Logs at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Libri 47:67-76.

Blecic, Deborah D., Nirmala S. Bangalore, and Josephine L. Dorsch. 1998. Using Transaction Log Analysis to Improve OPAC Retrieval Results. College and Research Libraries 59:39-50.

Ciliberti, Anne C., Marie L. Radford, and Gary P. Radford. 1998. Empty Handed? A Material Availability Study and Transaction Log Analysis Verification. The Journal of Academic Librarianship 24(4):282-289.

Connaway, Lynn Silipigni, John Budd, and Thomas R. Kochtanek. 1995. An Investigation of the Use of an Online Catalog: User Characteristics and Transaction Log Analysis. Library Resources and Technical Services 39:142-152.

Ferl, Terry Ellen, and Larry Millsap. 1996. The Knuckle-Cracker's Dilemma: A Transaction Log Study of OPAC Subject Searching. Information Technology and Libraries 15:81-98.

Jones, Susan, Mike Gatford, and Thien Do. 1997. Transaction Logging. Journal of Documentation 53:35-50.

Kaske, Neal K. 1993. Research Methodologies and Transaction Log Analysis: Issues, Questions, and a Proposed Model. Library Hi Tech 11(2):79-86.

King, Natalie Schoch. 1993. End-User Errors: A Content Analysis of PaperChase Transaction Logs. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 81:439-441.

Kurth, Martin. 1993. The Limits and Limitations of Transaction Log Analysis. Library Hi Tech 11(2):98-104.

Library Hi Tech. 1993. Special Issue on Transaction Log Analysis 11(2).

Millsap, Larry, and Terry Ellen Ferl. 1993. Search Patterns of Remote Users: An Analysis of OPAC Transaction Logs. Information Technology and Libraries 12:321-343.

Peters, Thomas A. 1996. Using Transaction Log Analysis for Library Management Information. Library Administration and Management 10:20-25.

Peters, Thomas A. 1993. The History and Development of Transaction Log Analysis. Library Hi Tech 11(2):41-66.

Peters, Thomas A., Martin Kurth, Patricia Flaherty, et al. 1993. An Introduction to the Special Section on Transaction Log Analysis. Library Hi Tech 11(2):38-40.

Sandore, Beth. 1993. Applying the Results of Transaction Log Analysis. Library Hi Tech 11(2):87-97.

Sandore, Beth, Patricia Flaherty, Neal K. Kaske, et al. 1993. A Manifesto Regarding the Future of Transaction Log Analysis. Library Hi Tech 11(2):105-106.

Shelfer, Katherine M. 1998. Transaction Log Analysis as a Method to Measure the Frequencies of Searcher Access to Library Research Guides. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press.

Sullenger, Paula. 1997. A Serials Transaction Log Analysis. Serials Review 23(3):21-26.

Wallace, Patricia M. 1993. How Do Patrons Search the Online Catalog When No One's Looking? Transaction Log Analysis and Implications for Bibliographic Instruction and System Design. RQ 33:239-252.

Wyly, Brendan J. 1996. From Access Points to Materials: A Transaction Log Analysis of Access Point Value for Online Catalog Users. Library Resources and Technical Services 40:211-236.

Usability Testing
Including Protocol Analysis and Heuristic Evaluation

Allen, Bryce L. 1994. Cognitive Abilities and Information System Usability. Information Processing and Management 30:177-191.

Anderson, Theresa. 1999. Searching for Information: Applying Usability Testing Methods to a Study of Information Retrieval and Relevance Assessment. Australian Academic & Research Libraries 30(3):189-199.

Baker, Gayle S., and Flora G. Shrode. 1999. A Heuristic Approach to Selecting Delivery Mechanisms for Electronic Resources in Academic Libraries. Journal of Library Administration 26(3-4):153-167.

Battleson, Brenda, Austin Booth, and Jane Weintrop. 2001. Usability Testing of an Academic Library Web Site: A Case Study. The Journal of Academic Librarianship 27(3):188-198.

Branch, Jennifer. 2000. Investigating the Information-Seeking Processes of Adolescents: The Value of Using Think Alouds and Think Afters. Library and Information Science Research 22(4):371-392.

Buttenfield, Barbara Pfeil. 1999. Usability Evaluation of Digital Libraries. Science and Technology Libraries 17(3-4):39-59.

Campbell, Nicole. 1999. Discovering the User: A Practical Glance at Usability Testing. The Electronic Library 17(5):307-311.

Chance, Toby. 1993. Ensuring Online Information Usability. The Electronic Library 11:237-239.

Chisman, Janet K., Karen R. Diller, and Sharon L. Walbridge. 1999. Usability Testing: A Case Study. College and Research Libraries 60(6):456-461.

Crerar, A., and D. Benyon. 1998. Integrating Usability into Systems Development. In The Politics of Usability: A Practical Guide to Designing Usable Systems in Industry, edited by Lesley Trenner and Joanna Bawa. London: Springer-Verlag.

Dickstein, Ruth, and Victoria A. Mills. 2000. Usability Testing at the University of Arizona Library: How to Let the Users In On the Design. Information Technology and Libraries 19(3):144-151.

Dillon, Andrew. 2001. Artifacts as Theories: Convergence Through User-Centered Design. Selected Online Publications by Andrew Dillon. Indiana University. Available at: http://www.slis.indiana.edu/adillon/web/rescont.html.

Duncker, Elke, Yin Leng Theng, and Norlisa Mohd-Nasir. 2000. Cultural Usability in Digital Libraries. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 26(4):21-22.

Dykstra, D.J. 1993. A Comparison of Heuristic Evaluation and Usability Testing: The Efficacy of a Domain-Specific Heuristic Checklist. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Industrial Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.

Fichter, Darlene. 2000. Head Start: Usability Testing Up Front. Online 24(1):79-81.

Fichter, Darlene. 2001. Testing the Web Site Usability Waters. Online 25(2):78-80.

Gluck, Myke. 1998. The Application of the Usability Approach in Libraries and Information Centers for Resource Selection and Deployment. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science 39(2):90-99.

Gullikson, Shelley, Ruth Blades, and Marc Bragdon. 1999. The Impact of Information Architecture on Academic Web Site Usability. The Electronic Library 17(5):293-304.

Head, Alison J. 1999. Web Redemption and the Promise of Usability. Online 23(6):20-23.

Head, Alison J. 1997. Web Usability and Essential Interface Design Issues. Proceedings of the 18th National Online Meeting, New York, May 13-15, 1997.

Hert, Carol Ann, Elin K. Jacob, and Patric Dawson. 2000. A Usability Assessment of Online Indexing Structures in the Networked Environment. Journal of the American Society for Information Science 51(1):971-988.

Hudson, Laura. 2000. Radical Usability or, Why You Need to Stop Redesigning Your Web Site. Library Computing 19(1/2):86-92.

Jeffries, R., et al. 1991. User Interface Evaluation in the Real World: A Comparison of Four Techniques. In Proceedings ACM CHI '91 Conference, edited by S. P. Robertson, G. M. Olson, and J. S. Olson. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.

Levi, M.D., and F.G. Conrad. 2000. Usability Testing of World Wide Web Sites. Bureau of Labor Statistics Research Papers. Available at: http://stats.bls.gov/ore/htm_papers/st960150.htm.

McGillis, Louise, and Elaine G. Toms. 2001. Usability of the Academic Library Web Site: Implications for Design. College and Research Libraries 62(4):355-368.

McLean, Stuart, Michael B. Spring, and Edie M. Rasmussen. 1995. Online Image Databases: Usability and Performance. The Electronic Library 13:27-42.

Molich, R., and J. Nielsen. 1990. Improving a Human-Computer Dialogue. Communications of the ACM 33(3):338-348.

Morgan, Eric Lease. 1999. Marketing Through Usability. Computers in Libraries 19(80):52-53.

Morrison, Heather G. 1999. Online Catalogue Research and the Verbal Protocol Method. Concordia University Students Conduct Research on DRA's Infogate. Library Hi Tech 17(2):197-206.

Nielsen, Jakob. 2001. Are Users Stupid? Alertbox (Feb. 4). Available at: http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20010204.html.

Nielsen, Jakob. 1998. Cost of User Testing a Website. Alertbox (May 3). Available at: http://www.useit.com/alertbox/980503.html.

Nielsen, Jakob. 2000. Designing Web Usability. Indianapolis, Ind.: New Riders Press.

Nielsen, Jakob. 1994. Enhancing the Explanatory Power of Usability Heuristics. In CHI '94 Conference Proceedings, edited by B. Adelson, S. Dumais, and J. Olson. New York: Association of Computing Machinery.

Nielsen, Jakob. 1992. Finding Usability Problems Through Heuristic Evaluation. In Proceedings ACM CHI'92 Conference, edited by P. Bauersfeld, J. Bennett, and G. Lynch. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.

Nielsen, Jakob. 2001. First Rule of Usability? Don't Listen to Users. Alertbox (Aug. 5). Available at: http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20010805.html.

Nielsen, Jakob. [No date.] Heuristic Evaluation. Available at: http://www.useit.com/papers/heuristic/.

Nielsen, Jakob. 1990. Paper versus Computer Implementations as Mockup Scenarios for Heuristic Evaluation. Proceedings of IFIP IINTERACT 90, Third International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, edited by D. Diaper et al. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Nielsen, Jakob. 2001. Success Rate: The Simplest Usability Metric. Alertbox (Feb. 18). Available at: http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20010218.html.

Nielsen, Jakob. [No date.] Ten Usability Heuristics. Available at: http://www.useit.com/papers/heuristic/heuristic_list.html.

Nielsen, Jakob. 1993. Usability Engineering. Boston, Mass.: Academic Press.

Nielsen, Jakob. 2001. Usability Metrics. Alertbox. (Jan. 21). Available at: http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20010121.html.

Nielsen, Jakob. 2000. Why You Only Need to Test With 5 Users. Alertbox (March 19). Available at: http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20000319.html.

Nielsen, Jakob, T.K. Landauer. 1993. A Mathematical Model of the Finding of Usability Problems. Proceedings ACM/IFIP INTERCHI'93 Conference, edited by S. Ashlund et al. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.

Nielsen, Jakob, Robert L. Mack, and Arthur G. Elser. 1995. Usability Inspection Methods. Technical Communication 42(4):661.

Nielsen, Jakob, and Robert L.Mack, eds. 1994. Usability Inspection Methods. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Nielsen, Jakob, and R. Molich. 1990. Heuristic Evaluation of User Interfaces. In Proceedings ACM CHI'90 Conference, edited by J. Carrasco Chew, and J. Whiteside. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.

Olason, Susan C. 2000. Let's Get Usable! Usability Studies for Indexes. The Indexer 22(2):91-95.

Pack, Thomas. 2001. Use It or Lose It: Jakob Nielsen Champions Content Usability. Econtent 24(4):44-46.

Palmquist, Ruth Ann. 2001 An Overview of Usability for the Study of User's Web-Based Information Retrieval Behavior. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science 42(2):123-136.

Park, Soyeon. 2000. Usability, User Preferences, Effectiveness, and User Behaviors When Searching Individual and Integrated Full-Text Databases: Implications for Digital Libraries. Journal of the American Society for Information Science 51(5):456-468.

Prasse, M. J. and R. Tigner. 1992. The OCLC Usability Lab: Description and Methodology. In 13th National Online Meeting Proceedings1992, New York, May 5-7, 1992, edited by Martha E. Williams. Medford, N.J.: Learned Information, Inc.

Rousseau, G.K. 1999. Assessing the Usability of On-line Library Systems. Communication Abstracts 22(2):536.

Rubin, Jeffrey. 1994. Handbook of Usability Testing: How to Plan, Design, and Conduct Effective Tests. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Sakaguchi, Kazuko. 1999. Journal Assessment: A Protocol Analysis for Establishing Criteria for Shared Responsibilities for the Japanese Vernacular Journal Collection. Journal of East Asian Libraries, 118:1-20.

Veldof, Jerilyn R., Michael J. Prasse, and Victoria A. Mills. 1999. Chauffeured by the User: Usability in the Electronic Library. Journal of Library Administration 26(3-4):115-140.

Walbridge, Sharon L. 2000. Usability Testing and Libraries: The WSU Experience. [Washington State University]. Alki 16(3):23-24.

Wiedenbeck, Susan, Robin Lampert, and Jean Scholtz. 1989. Using Protocol Analysis to Study the User Interface. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 15:25-26.

Zhang, Zhijun, Victor Basili, and Ben Schneiderman. 1999. Perspective-Based Usability Inspection: An Empirical Validation of Efficacy. Empirical Software Engineering 4(1):43-69.